> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://dso.getlemma.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Plan for friendly-owner succession > The death, disability, and departure problem for a dentist-owned PC: statutory transition windows from 6 to 48 months, how transfer restriction agreements pre-wire a successor, and maintaining a bench of licensed dentists. A dentist-owner may die, become disabled, lose a license, face program exclusion, or leave the group. Plan how the professional entity will respond before one of those events occurs. State law may impose a transfer or redemption deadline, while payer contracts, bank authority, records, and ongoing patient care still need continuity. ## Prerequisites * A stock transfer restriction agreement in place; see [Draft the stock transfer restriction](/guides/agreements/draft-stock-transfer-restriction) * Counsel licensed in each state where you hold a professional entity * At least one identified successor dentist per entity ## What happens without a plan | Event | Consequence with no mechanism | | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **Death** | Shares pass to the estate. Heirs are likely not dentists, and a non-dentist cannot lawfully own the entity beyond the statutory window. Probate delays everything. | | **Disability** | The owner may be unable to act as officer or director, freezing decisions requiring their signature | | **License loss** | The owner is immediately ineligible to own the entity. The entity's status is in question. | | **Exclusion (OIG/state Medicaid)** | Medicaid billing is tainted while the excluded person owns the entity | | **Voluntary departure** | A former colleague owns your professional entity, and its payer contracts | | **Dispute** | An adverse party holds the equity of the entity that generates your revenue | In every case the immediate operational consequence is the same: **the entity that holds your payer contracts, group NPI, and bank accounts is controlled by someone who is not aligned with the business.** Re-forming the PC means a new EIN, a new Type 2 NPI, and a full payer re-enrollment cycle of 90–180 days. ## The statutory clock Many dental-practice and professional-entity statutes address ownership after a dentist's death. The transition period and trigger differ by state. Identified windows range from **6 months to 48 months**, while some reviewed statutes do not provide an express exception. | Window | Examples | | ----------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **6 months** | Georgia: a deceased dentist's LLC interest must be transferred to a licensed dentist member or redeemed within six months after death (O.C.G.A. § 43-11-47(a)(7)(B)).1 New York: the PC must purchase or redeem the shares at book value within six months after appointment of the executor or administrator (BCL § 1510).2 | | **\~12 months** | New Jersey: all shares of a deceased shareholder must be transferred within 375 days after death, and within 90 days after disqualification (N.J.S.A. 14A:17-13(c)).3 Other states in this range include California, Arizona, and Maryland. | | **18–24 months** | Connecticut (18 months, § 20-122(c)) · West Virginia (24 months, § 30-4-16(g)) · Louisiana, Nevada, Tennessee, South Dakota | | **36–48 months** | Massachusetts allows three years. Maine allows 48 months or until sale, whichever comes first (13 M.R.S. § 732(5), as amended 2025).4 | | **No exception identified in the cited review** | Florida and Idaho. Obtain state-specific advice rather than assuming a transition period. | The full 50-state table, with pinpoints, is in [DSO laws by state](/reference/legal/dso-laws-by-state). **Structure the documents against your state's specific window.** A runbook that completes a transfer in nine months is fine in Maine and a violation in Georgia or New York. ## Steps Look up each professional entity in the [death and transition windows table](/reference/legal/dso-laws-by-state). Record the statutory trigger, any required price, and board-notification conditions. New York, for example, runs its six-month period from appointment of the representative rather than the date of death and uses book value unless the documents provide otherwise. Set contractual deadlines early enough to allow for probate and closing work. In the transfer restriction agreement. Standard triggers: * Death * Permanent disability, with a defined test and a determination process * Loss, suspension, or restriction of the dental license * Exclusion from Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs, or debarment * Conviction of a disqualifying offense * Termination of the dentist's employment with the PC * Material breach of the employment agreement or the transfer restriction * Bankruptcy or an attempted involuntary transfer of the shares Vague triggers produce disputes at exactly the moment you cannot afford one. "Disability" needs a definition and a decider. Two workable approaches: | Approach | How it works | | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **Named successor** | A specific licensed dentist identified in advance who takes the shares on a trigger | | **Designation right** | The agreement gives a designated party the right to identify an eligible licensed-dentist successor at the time of the trigger | A named successor reduces later selection work but requires maintaining an eligible, willing person. A designation right is more flexible and creates a direct control question: who holds it, what eligibility and approval limits apply, and whether the right can be exercised independently of the licensed owner. The unpublished, nonprecedential *Galkin* opinion considered licensee eligibility and a clinical carve-out on one New Jersey record; California's 2026 Aspen settlement separately restricts specified owner-replacement and forfeiture rights for the settling parties.5 Use the governing statute's default or a valuation method supportable under the entity documents, fiduciary duties, tax rules, creditor rights, and actual economics. A nominal or original-price term can create forfeiture and control issues when it does not match the interest and transaction. The California AG has separately challenged a management company's reserved right to control owner succession.5 Draft and periodically retest price and control as different questions. See [Enforcement and risk](/concepts/model/dso-enforcement-and-risk). * **Restrictive legend** on the stock certificate (for a PC) or in the operating agreement (for a PLLC) * Recording in the entity's stock ledger * Confirming that the mechanism works under the state's corporate or LLC act, because a PC transfer process may not work for a PLLC At least one, preferably two, dentists per state who: * Hold an active dental license in that state * Are clear on OIG LEIE, SAM.gov, and the state Medicaid exclusion list * Have agreed in principle to step in * Understand what the role involves Re-screen bench members with the same monthly exclusion checks you run on staff. A successor who is excluded when you need them is no successor. Separate from the legal documents. What actually has to happen on a trigger: 1. Execute the share transfer and record it in the stock ledger 2. Board consent electing the successor as officer and director 3. Notify the bank and change signers on the PC's accounts 4. Notify payers of the ownership and officer change 5. Update NPPES authorized official 6. Update dental board and secretary of state records, including any certificate of authorization held by the entity 7. Update the registered agent record 8. Amend or reaffirm the management services agreement (MSA) and employment agreements as needed 9. Update malpractice coverage 10. Update the BAA if the privacy officer changes Prepare the filings and third-party notices in advance because they can take several weeks within a fixed statutory window. In the annual agreement review, walk the runbook. Are the bench members still licensed and willing? Is the agreement still enforceable under current state law? Does the timeline still fit the statutory window? Are the contacts current? ## State-specific mechanics Transfer mechanics vary and the differences matter: * **The statutory window controls the timeline.** Examples include six months in Georgia and New York, 375 days in New Jersey, and up to 48 months in Maine. No express estate exception was identified in the cited Florida review. * **Some statutes set a default price.** New York BCL § 1510 uses book value as of the month-end before death unless the documents provide otherwise.2 * **PLLC membership interests** transfer differently from corporate shares; the operating agreement carries more weight * **Community-property law** may give a spouse an interest in the shares. Address it where applicable, potentially through a spousal consent. * **Probate** can delay transfers on death regardless of the agreement; some structures use a trust or an assignment to mitigate * **Board certificates may be nontransferable.** In states such as West Virginia and Arkansas, confirm how succession affects the entity's authorization. ## Verify it worked * [ ] The statutory window for each state identified and documented * [ ] Transfer restriction agreement executed for every professional entity, with deadlines inside the window * [ ] Triggers defined precisely, with a disability determination process * [ ] Successor mechanism specified, with dentist-controlled designation * [ ] Transfer price stated, consistent with any statutory default * [ ] Restrictive legend on certificates, or equivalent for a PLLC * [ ] At least one screened, willing bench dentist per state * [ ] Operational runbook written * [ ] Spousal consent obtained where relevant * [ ] Annual review calendared ## Common failure modes | Failure | Consequence | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | | No agreement at all | The estate or a departing dentist owns your PC | | Runbook slower than the statutory window | A compliant plan that still produces a violation | | Vague triggers | Dispute at the worst possible time | | No bench | A trigger with no eligible successor | | Bench member never re-screened | An excluded or unlicensed successor | | No restrictive legend | Restriction unenforceable against a transferee | | DSO holds the designation right | The provision the California enforcement wave attacks | | Agreement drafted years ago, never reviewed | May be unenforceable under current state law | | Spousal interest unaddressed in a community property state | Contested ownership | ## Sources 1. O.C.G.A. [§ 43-11-47](https://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-43-professions-and-businesses/ga-code-sect-43-11-47/). 2. N.Y. Bus. Corp. Law [§ 1510](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/BSC/1510). 3. N.J.S.A. 14A:17-13(c); see [DSO laws by state](/reference/legal/dso-laws-by-state). 4. 13 M.R.S. § 732(5), as amended by P.L. 2025, c. 121. [13 M.R.S. ch. 22-A](https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/statutes/13/title13ch22-A.pdf). 5. *Galkin v. SmileDirectClub, LLC*, No. A-2867-19 (N.J. App. Div. June 11, 2021), [official unpublished opinion](https://www.njcourts.gov/system/files/court-opinions/2021/a2867-19.pdf); California AG, [settlement with Aspen Dental Management](https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-bonta-announces-settlement-aspen-dental-over-corporate-practice) (May 7, 2026); DLA Piper, [Corporate practice of medicine enforcement](https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2026/07/corporate-practice-of-medicine-enforcement) (July 2026), on the AG's amicus position in *Art Center Holdings v. WCE CA Art, LLC*.