> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://dso.getlemma.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Further reading & primary sources > Curated primary sources for dental and DSO research, including code sets, state dental board indexes, government guidance, and industry data. Use these links to reach the primary standards, government guidance, industry data, and legal research sources cited throughout the site. ## Dental & DSO These sources focus on dentistry, dental benefits, or DSO operations. | Source | What it is | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [ADA Health Policy Institute](https://www.ada.org/resources/research/health-policy-institute) | Research on practice economics, DSO affiliation rates, workforce, and the dental care market | | [ADSO](https://www.theadso.org/) | The DSO trade association: advocacy, state legislative tracking | | [NADP](https://www.nadp.org/research-type/statistical-reports/) | Dental benefits enrollment data (full reports paid) | | [CareQuest Institute](https://carequest.org/resource/medicaid-adult-dental-coverage-checker/) | Medicaid adult dental coverage tracker, updated annually | | [Senate Joint Staff Report on the Corporate Practice of Dentistry in the Medicaid Program](https://www.finance.senate.gov/download/joint-staff-report-on-the-corporate-practice-of-dentistry-in-the-medicaid-program-print-113-16) | S. Prt. 113-16 (2013), a congressional staff report on corporate dentistry in Medicaid | | [House Oversight 50-state CPOD survey](https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/4-25-12-Survey-of-State-Laws-Governing-the-Corporate-Practice-of-Dentistry.pdf) | 2012 compilation of state corporate-dentistry laws | | [Group Dentistry Now](https://www.groupdentistrynow.com/) | DSO industry news | | [ADA Contract Analysis Service](https://www.ada.org/ada-for-dental-societies/contract-analysis-service) | Free PPO-contract review via state dental societies, including network-leasing clauses | ## Code sets and transaction standards | Source | What it is | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [ADA CDT](https://www.ada.org/publications/cdt) | **CDT, dentistry's code set.** ADA-licensed; revised annually effective January 1 | | [ASC X12](https://x12.org/) | The standards body. Transaction implementation guides, including the 837D | | [X12 Claim Adjustment Reason Codes](https://x12.org/codes/claim-adjustment-reason-codes) | **The authoritative CARC list** | | [X12 Remittance Advice Remark Codes](https://x12.org/codes/remittance-advice-remark-codes) | **The authoritative RARC list** | | [NUCC Provider Taxonomy](https://www.nucc.org/index.php/code-sets-mainmenu-41/provider-taxonomy-mainmenu-40) | The taxonomy code set, updated twice yearly | | [CMS Place of Service Codes](https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coding-billing/place-of-service-codes/code-sets) | The POS code set | | [AMA CPT](https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/cpt) | CPT, licensed. Needed only for medical-crossover billing | | [CMS HCPCS](https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coding-billing/healthcare-common-procedure-system) | HCPCS Level II; crossover and DMEPOS work (sleep appliances) | | [CDC ICD-10-CM](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd-10-cm/) | Diagnosis codes, updated October 1. Crossover claims require them | | [CMS NCCI Edits](https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coding-billing/national-correct-coding-initiative-ncci-edits) | Code-pair edits, relevant to crossover and Medicaid billing | ## CMS The ยง 1862(a)(12) exclusion generally keeps routine dental services outside Medicare Part B. The following CMS sources are most relevant to covered crossover services, DMEPOS, oral surgery, administrative simplification, and Medicaid. | Source | Use | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [CMS Medicare Dental Coverage](https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coverage/dental) | The exclusion and the "inextricably linked" exceptions, in CMS's own words | | [CMS Internet-Only Manuals](https://www.cms.gov/regulations-and-guidance/guidance/manuals/internet-only-manuals-ioms) | The manual set. The chapters that matter most: **Claims Processing Manual** (Pub. 100-04) and **Benefit Policy Manual** (Pub. 100-02) | | [PECOS](https://pecos.cms.hhs.gov/) | Medicare enrollment, if you bill crossover work | | [Medicare Revalidation Lookup](https://data.cms.gov/tools/medicare-revalidation-list) | **Check your revalidation date directly** | | [Medicare Coverage Database](https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/) | LCDs and NCDs, for crossover claims | | [Administrative Simplification](https://www.cms.gov/medicare/regulations-guidance/administrative-simplification) | Transaction standards, operating rules, EFT, and the 2026 attachments rule | | [No Surprises Act](https://www.cms.gov/nosurprises) | Balance billing and good faith estimates | | [Medicaid.gov Provider Enrollment](https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-integrity/provider-enrollment/index.html) | Screening requirements | ## Identifiers and credentialing | Source | Use | | ------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------- | | [NPPES](https://nppes.cms.hhs.gov/) | Apply for and maintain NPIs | | [NPI Registry](https://npiregistry.cms.hhs.gov/) | **Look up an NPI before creating a duplicate** | | [CAQH ProView](https://proview.caqh.org/) | Credentialing profiles | | [OIG LEIE](https://exclusions.oig.hhs.gov/) | Exclusion screening, **monthly** | | [SAM.gov](https://sam.gov/) | Federal debarment screening | | [NPDB](https://www.npdb.hrsa.gov/) | Practitioner data bank | ## Compliance | Source | Use | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | | [HHS OCR HIPAA](https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html) | Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules | | [ONC Security Risk Assessment Tool](https://www.healthit.gov/topic/privacy-security-and-hipaa/security-risk-assessment-tool) | For the required risk analysis | | [HHS OIG Compliance Guidance](https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/compliance-guidance/) | Compliance program elements | | [OIG Self-Disclosure](https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/self-disclosure-info/) | Voluntary disclosure protocols | | [OIG Fraud & Abuse Laws](https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/physician-education/fraud-abuse-laws/) | AKS, Stark, FCA overview | | [eCFR](https://www.ecfr.gov/) | Current CFR text | ## Legal research | Source | Use | | ------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [CourtListener](https://www.courtlistener.com/) | Free case law search and opinions | | State legislature bill trackers | The primary source for pending legislation | | State dental board sites | License verification, board rules, DSO registration requirements, and position statements | | State secretary of state business search | Entity status and good standing | | [Uniform Law Commission](https://www.uniformlaws.org/) | Model acts, including the Revised Uniform Unclaimed Property Act | **For CPOD research:** healthcare law firms often publish useful state surveys and legislative alerts. This wiki cites work from Holland & Knight, Epstein Becker Green, Nixon Peabody, Benesch, Quarles, and others. Use those publications to locate issues and primary sources, then confirm the current statute, regulation, board material, or case. ## Tax and finance | Source | Use | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | | [IRS Applicable Federal Rates](https://www.irs.gov/applicable-federal-rates) | **Monthly AFRs for intercompany notes** | | [IRS EIN application](https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/apply-for-an-employer-identification-number-ein-online) | Free, same-day | | [FASB Codification](https://asc.fasb.org/) | ASC 810 consolidation | | [unclaimed.org (NAUPA)](https://unclaimed.org/) | **State unclaimed property administrators** | ## Payment and banking | Source | Use | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | | [Nacha](https://www.nacha.org/) | ACH rules | | [The Clearing House RTP](https://www.theclearinghouse.org/payment-systems/rtp) | Real-time payments | | [FedNow](https://www.frbservices.org/financial-services/fednow) | Federal Reserve instant payments | | [PCI Security Standards Council](https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/) | PCI DSS | | Visa and Mastercard rules | Dispute reason codes and monitoring thresholds, via your processor | ## Benchmarks and industry data | Source | Use | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [ADA Health Policy Institute](https://www.ada.org/resources/research/health-policy-institute) | Dental care market data, practice income and expenses, DSO affiliation, and workforce surveys | | [NADP](https://www.nadp.org/research-type/statistical-reports/) | Dental benefits enrollment and plan-type data | | [AAPC](https://www.aapc.com/) | Coding and billing certification and resources | | [KFF](https://www.kff.org/) | Health coverage and market data, including Medicare Advantage dental benefit analysis | **Some benchmark data requires a license or paid subscription.** ADA HPI publishes selected findings without charge, while full survey data, NADP enrollment reports, and compensation surveys may be paid. For a fair-market-value analysis, obtain the underlying dental-specific dataset and document the selected cohort rather than relying only on a secondary summary. ## Payer sources Each payer publishes its own provider manual, coverage policies, companion guides, and fee schedule terms, and each Delta Dental member company and Medicaid dental benefit administrator publishes its own materials. These are the primary operational sources for payer-specific requirements and take precedence over third-party summaries, including this one. See [Payer enrollment and submission links](/reference/payers/enrollment-links) for the index.